The latest in winter season prevention. Health Boost is a fantastic product, which was designed to support healthy immune function. This product contains all of the following ingredients traditionally used to speed recovery from illness and prevent future illnesses. All ingredients are of the highest quality and provided in adequate amounts.

The Health Boost product is essential to all households who are looking to avoid the winter season. The product typically will alleviate a cold within about 24 hours, a truly remarkable product.

Echinacea increases the "non-specific" activity of the immune system. In other words, unlike a vaccine, which is active only against a specific disease, echinacea stimulates the overall activity of the cells responsible for fighting all kinds of infection. Unlike antibiotics, which are directly lethal to bacteria, echinacea makes our own immune cells more efficient in attacking bacteria, viruses and abnormal cells, including cancer cells.

Echinacea facilitates wound healing, lessens symptoms of and speeds recovery from viruses. Anti-inflammatory effects make it useful externally against inflammatory skin conditions including psoriasis and eczema. It may also increase resistance to candida, bronchitis, herpes, and other infectious conditions. A recently published study found that a daily garlic supplement reduced the risk of the volunteers catching a cold by half. The researchers also discovered that even when those taking the supplement did develop a cold they were more likely to make a speedier recovery than the non-garlic taking volunteers.

ASTRAGALUS

The Chinese have used Astragalus for many thousands of years as a superior tonic that is often combined with ginseng for replenishing a person's vital energy. The root of this plant is said to strengthen the body's surface resistance and is supposed to invigorate and promote tissue regeneration. It's also been seen as an immune system stimulant as well as a protector of adrenal cortical function. Some say that Astragalus shows promise to support cancer patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy therapies, and may also help fight against environmental allergies.

Traditionally, elderberry juice has also been used to treat colds, coughs and upper respiratory infections. Recent clinical studies performed by Dr. Madeleine Mumcuoglu in Israel, proved that elderberry was effective in combating the common flu virus.

Sambucol, an extract from black elderberries, was shown to be effective in vitro against 10 strains of influenza virus. In a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, Sambucol reduced the duration of flu symptoms to 3-4 days. The study was done during a flu outbreak in Panama and it found that there were significant improvements of the symptoms, including fever, in 93.3% of the cases within 2 days, whereas in the control group only 91.7% of the patients showed an improvement within 6 days. A complete cure was achieved within 2 to 3 days in nearly 90% of the elderberry-treated group but only within 6 days in the placebo group. The researchers concluded that considering the efficacy of the extract in vitro on all strains of influenza virus tested, the clinical results, its low cost, and absence of side-effects, elderberry could offer a possibility for safe treatment for influenza A and B.

The potent, hot fruit of cayenne has been used as medicine for centuries. It was considered helpful for various conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, including stomachaches, cramping pains, and gas. Cayenne was frequently used to treat diseases of the circulatory system. It is still traditionally used in herbal medicine as a circulatory tonic (a substance believed to improve circulation). Ginger Root is also taken to loosen phlegm, relieve gas, and tighten the tissues. Asian medicine employs it as a treatment for asthma, shortness of breath, water retention, earache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; and homeopathic practitioners recommend it for sexual disorders as well. The most common medical use for licorice is for treating upper respiratory ailments including coughs, hoarseness, sore throat, and bronchitis. Along with these herbs, Vitamins A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and a B-complex have been added because of their proven ability to fight free radical damages and keep our cells healthy.

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Recommended Adult Use: Two capsules with meals as a dietary supplement.

As with all dietary supplements if you are pregnant or nursing or taking medication consult your health care professional before taking this product.

Storage: Store in a cool dry place. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if seal is broken.

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Supplement Facts Serving Size: 2 Capsules Servings Per Container: 60 Amount Per Serving %DV† Vitamin A (50% from fish liver oil) (50% from Beta Carotene) 10000 IU 400 Vitamin C (from 618 mg calcium ascorbate) 500 mg 833 Niacin/Esterified Niacin 10 mg 50 Vitamin B-6 (from 6.4 mg pyridoxine HCl) 5 mg 250 Folic Acid 50 mcg 12.5 Pantothenic Acid (d-Calcium Pantothenate) 5 mg 50 Zinc (Citrate chelate) 15 mg 100 Proprietary Blend Containing: Echinacea Root (Echinacea purpurea), Garlic Bulb (Allium sativum deodorized), Astragalus root (Astragalus membranacous), Elderberry Fruit (Sambucus nigra), Cayenne Fruit (Capsicum annum), Ginger Root (Zingiber officinales), Bioflavonoids (lemon), Licorice Root 5 mg * † Percent Daily Value * Daily Value not established

Other Ingredients: Gelatin (100% natural preservative-free from capsule shell), vegetable stearates, silica and silicates.

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* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Health Boost

Echinacea Purpurea [Immune] bears purple flowers that resemble black-eyed Susans. It has been one of the most scientifically studied herbs, especially in Europe. Echinacea enhances the body's own defenses (immune system) and fights unwanted foreign invaders.

Astragalus [Immune, Circulatory] root has been used to promote immune function and as a tonic to build stamina. Ancient Chinese texts record the use of astragalus for tonifying the spleen, blood and chi. Astragalus contains saponins, sterols, flavonoids, isoflavones and polysaccharides that have health-protecting benefits. Research shows that astragalus root stimulates the immune system in many ways. It increases the number of stem cells in bone marrow and lymph tissue and encourages their development into active immune cells. It appears to help trigger immune cells from a "resting"state into heightened activity. One study showed that astragalus root helps promote and maintain respiratory health. It also enhances the body's production of immunoglobulin and stimulates macrophages. Astragalus can help activate T cells and natural killer cells. Several studies also show that astragalus proffers heart-protecting effects, including protection against oxidative damage. The flavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides found in astragalus root help minimize free radical damage on membranes.

Sambucus Canadensis - Elderberry [Immune] is great to have on hand during the cold weather season as it promotes immune system function and provides essential nutrients for health. Elderberry contains naturally occurring vitamin C, fruit acids, traces of essential oil and anthocyanic pigments. Scientific studies indicate that elderberry may have antiviral activity.

Ginger [Digestive] has been cultivated for thousands of years in China and India. It was written about in many ancient Chinese herbal texts and is an ingredient in as many as half of all Chinese herbal combinations. The Chinese use it to buffer the effects of stronger herbs, and they drink it widely in tea. Ginger nutritionally supports the digestive process and has the ability to help settle the stomach. Studies show ginger is as effective as over-the-counter medications in helping to prevent motion sickness. Many people use it to help prevent nausea and to support the female body during morning sickness. The root has a strong, sweet scent.

Capsicum [Digestive, Circulatory] is added to many herbal formulas as a catalyst for the other herbs. Its red color is partly due to its high vitamin A content. Vitamin A is essential for normal vision, growth, cellular activity, reproduction and healthy immunity. Capsicum influences blood flow (just watch someone's face when they eat a food with lots of it), which makes it food for the circulatory system.

Licorice Root [Glandular, Respiratory]. We know this herb for its wide use as a candy flavoring, but its value goes far beyond that. The medicinal use of licorice goes back several thousand years. Licorice root has been used by traditional herbalists as a general tonic and for respiratory support. It also supports the liver. Licorice is included in most Chinese herb combinations to balance the other herbs and to promote vitality. It has a reputation for bringing the entire body into balance (particularly helpful to women who menstruate) and promoting well-being. Licorice contains triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, magnesium, silicon, sodium and other beneficial constituents.

Supplement
Echinacea

Description
Echinacea is a flower native to North America, which has been used as a common herbal remedy by Native American Tribes for treating and preventing colds, flu and infections. In Europe, echinacea preparations are primarily used to stimulate the immune system and "help the body resist common cold infections affecting the throat and nasal passages." There are 3 different echinacea species (purpurea, angustifolia and pallida) - each of which possess various concentrations of active compounds in different parts of each plant.

Claims

• Stimulates immune system function
• Prevents upper respiratory tract infections

Theory
Echinacea extracts have been shown to stimulate the growth and activity of cells of the immune system (macrophages, natural killer cells, T-cells). Such activation of protective mechanisms is thought to increase the body's defenses to infection by bacteria and viruses.

Scientific Support
Owing to the widespread popularity of echinacea supplements for treating and preventing the symptoms associated with colds and flu, there are a number of clinical studies showing a clear benefit of echinacea extracts in reducing the duration and severity of flu-like symptoms. There are also a handful of studies showing no measurable benefits associated with echinacea supplements - but most of these studies can be criticized based on methodological or biochemical criteria - such as using a non-standardized herbal extract and other differences which exist in formulations between the different commercially available echinacea preparations

Overall, across the hundreds of echinacea studies from the lab to the clinic, evidence from at least a dozen clinical trials shows that echinacea is effective in either treating or preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) - otherwise known as colds and flu (about a half-dozen clinical trials show no effect). Among the clinical studies showing a beneficial effect of echinacea extracts in promoting immune function in human subjects, supplements have been shown to accelerate recovery from cold symptoms and reduce the incidence of cold-related infections. In most cases, cold and flu symptoms resolve 1-4 days earlier in subjects taking echinacea when compared to those taking a placebo.

In rats, echinacea-treatment results in a significant increase in immune response to infection (assessed by immunoglobulin response). In test tube studies, macrophages are stimulated by echinacea to produce significantly higher levels of interleukins (IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10) - suggesting a possible activation of the immune system. Stimulation of T-cell replication, natural killer cell activity, and numbers of macrophages and neutrophils have been noted in a number of studies of cellular immunity.

Of the compounds with potential immune-stimulating activity, various derivatives of caffeic acid such as echinoside, flavonoids and polysaccharides have been implicated as the primary immunostimulatory constituents in the various echinacea species. Mechanistically, the polysaccharide fraction of echinacea is known to inhibit hyaluronidase, an enzyme secreted by bacteria. Bacteria produce hyaluronidase in order to break down host cell membranes and penetrate the cells. Inhibition of this enzyme by echinacea fractions may be one of the mechanisms by which echinacea supplements help prevent infection.

Safety
When taken as directed, little or no toxicity is associated with acute echinacea use.

Value
As a treatment for cold and flu symptoms, echinacea may be beneficial in reducing the severity and duration of symptoms.

Dosage
Approximately 250-500mg per day of a concentrated extract (5-6:1) is a typical dosage recommendation. Due to the significant differences which exist between various echinacea preparations available on the market, however, it is important to select a standardized product. For example, 500 mg per day of one echinacea extract may be effective (based on presence of active compounds), whereas 1000 mg of another extract may be ineffective (if the active constituents are too low). Some alternative medicine specialists have recommended that echinacea for prevention of colds should follow a 4 week "ON" phase followed by 1 week of non-treatment ("OFF" phase) versus continuous treatment. For treatment of cold or flu-like symptoms, it is generally recommended that echinacea supplements be taken as soon as symptoms are noticed and continued 2-4 times per day for 1-2 weeks

As product formulations may differ significantly between manufacturers, due to the plant species, part of the plant used and processing methods - consumers are strongly urged to select a product standardized for the presence of active immune stimulating compounds - either liquid products composed of the "fresh pressed juice" from echinacea or encapsulated extracts standardized for total content of alkamides and polysaccharides.

References
1. Abdullah T. A strategic call to utilize Echinacea-garlic in flu-cold seasons. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 Jan;92(1):48-51. 2. Binns SE, Purgina B, Bergeron C, Smith ML, Ball L, Baum BR, Arnason JT. Light-mediated antifungal activity of Echinacea extracts. Planta Med. 2000 Apr;66(3):241-4. 3. Borchers AT, Keen CL, Stern JS, Gershwin ME. Inflammation and Native American medicine: the role of botanicals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2):339-47. 4. Currier NL, Miller SC. Natural killer cells from aging mice treated with extracts from echinacea purpurea are quantitatively and functionally rejuvenated. Exp Gerontol. 2000 Aug;35(5):627-39. 5. Ertel G, Manley H, McQueen C, Bryant P. Information on additional Echinacea trials. J Fam Pract. 1999 Dec;48(12):1001-2. 6. Giles JT, Palat CT 3rd, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jun;20(6):690- 0-7. 7. Gunning K. Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. West J Med. 1999 Sep;171(3):198-200. 8. Henneicke-von Zepelin H, Hentschel C, Schnitker J, Kohnen R, Kohler G, Wustenberg P. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination phytomedicine in the treatment of the common cold (acute viral respiratory tract infection): results of a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study. Curr Med Res Opin. 1999;15(3):214-27. 9. Hu C, Kitts DD. Studies on the antioxidant activity of Echinacea root extract. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 May;48(5):1466-72. 10. Kim HO, Durance TD, Scaman CH, Kitts DD. Retention of alkamides in dried echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Sep;48(9):4187-92. 11. Kim HO, Durance TD, Scaman CH, Kitts DD. Retention of caffeic acid derivatives in dried echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Sep;48(9):4182-6. 12. Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2000 Aug;6(4):327-34. 13. Lord RW Jr. Echinacea for upper respiratory infections. J Fam Pract. 1999 Dec;48(12):939-40. 14. Mazza G, Cottrell T. Volatile components of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea species. J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Aug;47(8):3081-5. 15. Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, Kaesmayr J. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000530. 16. Percival SS. Use of echinacea in medicine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;60(2):155-8. 17. Perry NB, van Klink JW, Burgess EJ, Parmenter GA. Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea: effects of processing, drying and storage. Planta Med. 2000 Feb;66(1):54-6. 18. Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z. Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2000 Oct;68(4):503-10. 19. Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Ineffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jun;44(6):1708-9. 20. Wustenberg P, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Kohler G, Stammwitz U. Efficacy and mode of action of an immunomodulator herbal preparation containing Echinacea, wild indigo, and white cedar. Adv Ther. 1999 Jan-Feb;16(1):51-70.

Supplement: Garlic

Description
It's not just for warding off vampires anymore - garlic (the stinking rose) has been used for centuries for its reported benefits in promoting heart health and preventing infection.

Claims

• Reduces serum cholesterol (and triglycerides)
• Inhibits platelet aggregation (thins blood)
• Lowers blood pressure

Theory
The cardioprotective benefits associated with garlic are generally attributed to the various sulfur compounds that can be isolated from the raw clove. These compounds, which include alliin, allicin, S-allyl-cysteine, S-methyl-cysteine and many others are found in varying concentrations in garlic, chives, leeks, shallots and onions, but the chemical composition may vary considerable depending on processing methods. The chemical responsible for the pungent smell of garlic, allicin, is produced from alliin via the action of alliinase and is thought to contribute to many of the health effects associated with garlic supplements.

Scientific Support
A large number of studies indicate a beneficial cardiovascular effect of garlic supplements, the most well-controlled studies generally suggest a lack of any beneficial effects. For example, a study of children with elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides, 8 weeks of a popular garlic extract - 300 mg of Kwai, 3 times per day (Lichtwer Pharma in Berlin, Germany) produced no significant effect on total cholesterol, triglycerides LDL or HDL. It is possible that these children, who had severe cases of familial hyperlipidemia, did not respond to the garlic supplements because their medical condition was too advanced for treatment with a mild approach such as dietary supplementation. In support of this "non-effect," however, is a multi-center study carried out over 12 weeks (also using 900 mg/d of Kwai - which is equivalent to about 1 clove of fresh garlic per day) also found no significant lipid or lipoprotein changes following garlic supplementation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has gone so far as to issue a ruling to prohibit the use a claim relating to the relationship between garlic, decreased serum cholesterol, and the risk in adults of cardiovascular disease

The lack of effect in the above studies may have been due to the dose used - with 900 mg per day being too low. Larger doses of garlic of 4-10 grams per day have been more consistently associated with beneficial effects. For example, a study of 30 patients with coronary artery disease, garlic supplements (4 capsules per day equivalent to 4 grams of raw garlic) showed a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as an inhibition of platelet aggregation (reduced blood clotting). Further supporting the cardiovascular benefits in humans is a well-controlled study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition from 1996, which compared the effect of aged garlic extract on blood lipids in a group of 41 men with moderately elevated cholesterol levels. Each subject received about 7 grams of garlic extract per day over the course of 6 months. The major findings were a reduction in total serum cholesterol of approximately 7% and a drop in LDL of 4-5%. In addition, there was a 5.5% decrease in systolic blood pressure and a modest reduction of diastolic blood pressure in response to aged garlic extract. The overall conclusion of the study was that "dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract has beneficial effects on the lipid profile and blood pressure of moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects."

Safety
Adverse side effects associated with garlic supplements are rare. Occasionally, mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as heart burn and nausea may occur with high intakes. In some cases, high doses of garlic may potentiate the anti-thrombotic (blood-thinning) effects of anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin and dietary supplements such as vitamin E and fish oil.

Dosage
The German Commission E monographs recommend a dose of 4 grams of fresh garlic per day to lower blood lipids. This amount of garlic would be equivalent to approximately 18,000 mcg (18 mg) of alliin (9 mg of allicin) and 500 mcg of S-allyl cysteine. The most potent standardized garlic tablet, Beyond Garlic from KAL contains 4800 mcg of allicin and 270 mcg of SAC per tablet - meaning that 2-4 tablets per day would be required for cardioprotective effects.

References
Oct;40(2):175-9. 2. Arora RC, Arora S, Nigam P. Rationale of garlic use in ischemic heart disease? Mater Med Pol. 1985 Jan-Mar;17(1):48-50. 3. Arora RC, Arora S. Comparative effect of clofibrate, garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis. 1981 Jul;39(4):447-52. 4. Breithaupt-Grogler K, Belz GG. Epidemiology of the arterial stiffness. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1999 Jun;47(6):604-13. 5. Breithaupt-Grogler K, Ling M, Boudoulas H, Belz GG. Protective effect of chronic garlic intake on elastic properties of aorta in the elderly. Circulation. 1997 Oct 21;96(8):2649-55. 6. Buck C, Donner AP, Simpson H. Garlic oil and ischaemic heart disease. Int J Epidemiol. 1982 Sep;11(3):294-5. 7. Buck C, Simpson H, Willan A. Ischaemic heart-disease and garlic. Lancet. 1979 Jul 14;2(8133):104-5. 8. Chutani SK, Bordia A. The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man. Atherosclerosis. 1981 Feb-Mar;38(3-4):417-21. 9. Craig WJ. Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Oct;97(10 Suppl 2):S199-204. 10. Fogarty M. Garlic's potential role in reducing heart disease. Br J Clin Pract. 1993 Mar-Apr;47(2):64-5. 11. Herbal insurance. Does an allium a day keep the doctor away? Harv Health Lett. 1998 Jun;23(8):7. 12. Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, Kuhn U. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 Dec;42(12):1473-7. 13. Jepson RG, Kleijnen J, Leng GC. Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000095. 14. Morcos NC. Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997 Oct;89(10):673-8. 15. Mostafa MG, Mima T, Ohnishi ST, Mori K. S-allylcysteine ameliorates doxorubicin toxicity in the heart and liver in mice. Planta Med. 2000 Mar;66(2):148-51. 16. Munday R, Munday CM. Low doses of diallyl disulfide, a compound derived from garlic, increase tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34(1):42-8. 17. Randerson K. Cardiology update. Garlic and the healthy heart. Nurs Stand. 1993 Apr 14-20;7(30):51. 18. Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters W. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1995 Mar;113(2):219-25. 19. Slepko GI, Lobareva LS, Mikhalenko LIa, Shatniuk LN. Biologically active garlic compounds and perspectives of their use in the therapeutic and prophylactic diet. Vopr Pitan. 1994;(5):28-32. 20. Vialettes B. Mediterranean nutrition: a model for the world? Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1992 Sep;85 Spec No 2:135-8.

Supplement
Astragalus

Description
Astragalus is an herb from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is traditionally used for its immune enhancing properties, but is also recommended in TCM for "deficiency of chi" (life force) - which might include symptoms such as lack of energy and fatigue. The plant is native to Northern China and Mongolia and there are over 2,000 types of astragalus worldwide.

Claims

• Stimulates immune system
• Provides cancer protection
• Acts as an adaptogen (non-specific resistance to stress)
• Boosts energy levels

Theory
Several chemical constituents of astragalus have been identified as potential active compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides and glycosides. Astragalus is often combined with other adaptogenic herbs, such as ginseng, and promoted as a guard against various internal and external stressors. Combination of astragalus with echinacea is common for protection against common infections of the mucous membranes (cold and flu).

Scientific Support
Most of the scientific data on astragalus comes from Chinese clinical evidence, where astragalus appears to stimulate the immune system in patients with infections. At least one clinical trial in the U.S. has shown astragalus to boost T-cell levels close to normal in some cancer patients, suggesting the possibility of a synergistic effect of astragalus with chemotherapy. In animal studies, astragalus extracts have been shown effective in preventing infection of mice by influenza virus, possibly by increasing the phagocytotic activity of the white blood cells of the immune system.

Safety
When used as recommended, astragalus has no known side effects, but gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea are possible at high intakes.

Value
Astragalus is available as a single-ingredient supplement, but it may be even more effective in lower doses (100-200 mg/day) when combined with other immune-stimulating herbs and nutrients.

Dosage
Approximately 500 mg per day is recommended for stimulation of the immune system and to provide resistance to the effects of stress. Divided doses of 250 mg per day of a standardized root extract are preferred.

References
1. Chu DT, Lepe-Zuniga J, Wong WL, LaPushin R, Mavligit GM. Fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb, potentiates LAK cell cytotoxicity generated by a low dose of recombinant interleukin n-2. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988 Aug;26(4):183-7. 2. Chu DT, Sun Y, Lin JR. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction in cancer patients in vitro and reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression in the rat in vivo by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1989 Jun;9(6):351-4, 326. 3. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. II. Reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by administration of fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vivo. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988 Mar;25(3):125-9. 4. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. I. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction in cancer patients by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vitro. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988 Mar;25(3):119-23. 5. Fang JY. Effect of fu-zheng qu-xie on gastric disease infected with Campylobacter pyloridis. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1991 Mar;11(3):150-2, 133. 6. He J, Li Y, Wei S, Guo M, Fu W. Effects of mixture of Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Ligustri lucidi and Eclipta prostrata on immune function in mice. Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao. 1992 Sep;23(4):408-11. 7. Lau BH, Ruckle HC, Botolazzo T, Lui PD. Chinese medicinal herbs inhibit growth of murine renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biother. 1994 Summer;9(2):153-61. 8. Pang SF. The effect of vitamin A and Astragalus on the splenic T lymphocyte-CFU of burned mice. Chung Hua Cheng Hsing Shao Shang Wai Ko Tsa Chih. 1989 Jun;5(2):122-4, 15 159. 9. Rittenhouse JR, Lui PD, Lau BH. Chinese medicinal herbs reverse macrophage suppression induced by urological tumors. J Urol. 1991 Aug;146(2):486-90. 10. Sinclair S. Chinese herbs: a clinical review of Astragalus, Ligusticum, and Schizandrae. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):338-44. 11. Sugiura H, Nishida H, Inaba R, Iwata H. Effects of exercise in the growing stage in mice and of Astragalus membranaceus on immune functions. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 1993 Feb;47(6):1021-31. 12. Sun Y, Hersh EM, Talpaz M, Lee SL, Wong W, Loo TL, Mavligit GM. Immune restoration and/or augmentation of local graft versus host reaction by traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Cancer. 1983 Jul 1;52(1):70-3. 13. Wang Y, Qian XJ, Hadley HR, Lau BH. Phytochemicals potentiate interleukin-2 generated lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity against murine renal cell carcinoma. Mol Biother. 1992 Sep;4(3):143-6. 14. Yoshida Y, Wang MQ, Liu JN, Shan BE, Yamashita U. Immunomodulating activity of Chinese medicinal herbs and Oldenlandia diffusa in particular. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997 Jul;19(7):359-70. 15. Zhao KS, Mancini C, Doria G. Enhancement of the immune response in mice by Astragalus membranaceus extracts. Immunopharmacology. 1990 Nov-Dec;20(3):225-33. 16. Zhou Y, Yan XZ. Experimental study of qi deficiency syndrome and Codonopsis pillosulae and Astragalus injection on the immune response in mice. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1989 May;9(5):286-8, 262.

Supplement: Capsicum

Description
Capsicum, also known as cayenne, contains capsaicin - the compound that produces the "hot" in hot peppers. Cayenne peppers have been used for centuries as a folk medicine for stimulating circulation, aiding digestion and relieving pain (topically). Contemporary uses have placed cayenne extracts as thermogenic aids to help increase metabolism.

Claims

• Digestive aid (stimulates gastric secretions)
• Arthritis pain reliever (topical cream)
• Raises metabolic rate
• Reduces allergic symptoms (hay fever-type allergies)
• Prevents migraine headaches

Theory
Anybody who has ever tasted concentrated capsicum or been unfortunate enough to get it in his or her eyes or in contact with other mucous membranes, knows of the intense burning sensation that the substance causes. When rubbed on the skin, cayenne can be a very useful analgesic (pain-reliever) with benefits in reducing arthritic pain and stiffness. This effect, called a counterirritant effect, causes a mild irritation when applied to the surface of the skin and "distracts" us from sensing pain from other areas (such as the joint pain common to arthritis). As a digestive aid, cayenne is known to increase secretion of gastric acids in the stomach. Cayenne is often recommended as a "thermogenic" compound for increasing metabolic rate - an effect that may be related to its ability to dilate blood vessels and cause a local sensation of "warming."

Scientific Support
As indicated above, cayenne contains capsaicin, which can relieve pain by interfering with sensory nerve signaling. In addition to the "confusion" that capsaicin induces in sensory nerves, it also results in a temporary depletion of neurotransmitters from sensory nerves - an effect that reduces the ability of the nerve to sense pain in other areas of the body.

Safety
Caution should be used during pregnancy (to avoid gastrointestinal irritation) and lactation (because capsaicin may pass into breast milk and cause the milk to be unpalatable to the infant).

Value
As a mild digestive aid, cayenne extracts may be somewhat beneficial for individuals with inadequate gastric secretions. For many people, however, gastric secretions are not the primary concern in terms of digestive support (whereas intestinal concerns predominate). As a thermogenic aid to increase metabolism, cayenne may have some modest effects at very high doses (3 grams or more), but these effects are small and the risk of gastrointestinal side effects (heartburn) is high.

Dosage
Cayenne/capsaicin products are typically standardized in heat units (HU) and/or percent of capsaicin per capsule. Topical creams often contain 0.02% to 0.05% capsaicinoids, with dietary supplements providing about 30- 20 mg per capsule. As a digestive aid, approximately 100-500 mg of cayenne extract (0.15%-0.25% capsaicin) is recommended 2-3 times per day with food.

References
1. Egger G, Cameron-Smith D, Stanton R. The effectiveness of popular, non-prescription weight loss supplements. Med J Aust. 1999 Dec 6-20;171(11-12):604-8. 2. Guengerich FP. Influence of nutrients and other dietary materials on cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Mar;61(3 Suppl):651S-658S. 3. Lim K, Yoshioka M, Kikuzato S, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Suzuki M. Dietary red pepper ingestion increases carbohydrate oxidation at rest and during exercise in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Mar;29(3):355-61. 4. Lopez-Carrillo L, Hernandez Avila M, Dubrow R. Chili pepper consumption and gastric cancer in Mexico: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Feb 1;139(3):263-71. 5. Miller CH, Zhang Z, Hamilton SM, Teel RW. Effects of capsaicin on liver microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK. Cancer Lett. 1993 Nov 30;75(1):45-52. 6. Surh Y. Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):305-2 27. 7. Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Drapeau V, Dionne I, Doucet E, Suzuki M, Tremblay A. Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake. Br J Nutr. 1999 Aug;82(2):115-23.

Supplement: Ginger

Description
Besides the popular role of Ginger on "Gilligan's Island", ginger (the herb), also known as Zingiber officinale, is a shoot-like plant with a single purple-green flower that contains a thick root from which uses for this plant originate. It is native to coastal India, but it now grows and is harvested commonly in Jamaica, China, Africa and the West Indies. The root is the source of ginger's familiar aroma, and is also the source of the spice made from a drying the root and grinding it into a powder. Ginger has been used throughout history as an aid for many gastrointestinal disturbances as well as to relieve inflamed joints. In addition to its other uses, the Chinese still use ginger as a tasty marinade to detoxify meats.

Claims

• Alleviates motion sickness and nausea
• Combats indigestion, flatulence and diarrhea
• Treats pain from rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
• Acts as a heart tonic

Theory
The most active chemical compounds in ginger are known as the gingerols, which are also the most aromatic compounds in this root. Ginger also contains shogaols, which are formed during the drying process. These substances are thought to detoxify gastric substances that could lead to nausea. Ginger is also thought to increase the tone and movement of the intestines, and to promote heart health. Furthermore, ginger may inhibit substances that could cause the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.

Scientific Support
Ginger's most renowned use is its tendency to counteract nausea and other symptoms caused by excessive motion during travel, including seasickness. It is believed that whereas medications such as Dramamine act on the brain, ginger acts within the gastrointestinal tract to slow feedback from the stomach to the brain where the feelings of nausea are realized. In a study that we would only wish on our worst enemies, 36 people with a history of severe motion sickness received placebo, Dramamine, or powdered ginger. A short while later, they were blindfolded and spun in a mechanical chair until they either asked to stop, or vomited (we're NOT kidding here). Those who received ginger remained in the chair for 5.5 minutes, while those who received Dramamine begged for mercy after 3.5 minutes. The unfortunate subjects who did not receive either therapeutic tossed their cookies after a mere minute and a half. In far more humane studies, subjects received ginger, often a prescription medication, or nothing before setting to sea or in another study, after major surgery. In the various studies, subjects receiving ginger fared significantly better in terms of symptoms of nausea and vertigo, and in most cases, ginger was rated similar or better than prescription medications.

In 18 osteoarthritis patients taking powdered ginger for 3 months to 2.5 years, 75% of the subjects reported decreased pain and swelling after treatment with ginger. This was not a controlled study.

Although human studies are not documented for the use of ginger as a cardioprotective agent, animal studies have demonstrated that ginger treatment may inhibit platelet aggregation (and therefore formation of potentially lethal blood clots within vessels), and it may also reduce total cholesterol levels.

Safety
Although no reported adverse effects of ginger have been reported and it does not have any reported interactions with medications, excessive doses could potentially interfere with cardiac, anti-diabetic or anti-coagulant (clotting) therapies. Those who have gallstone conditions should not take ginger. At 3,500 - 9,000 times the human dose, an alcohol extract of ginger caused death via involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle in mice after 72 hours of administration, though this hardly seems to be an attainable human dose. Pregnant women have often used ginger to abate symptoms of morning sickness. Although negative consequences of this treatment have never been proven, it is important to consult with a physician before self-medicating.

Value
Ginger is a relatively inexpensive supplement, and can be enjoyed as a spice in many forms, including ginger beer (a Jamaican treat), candied ginger, sautéed ginger, etc. Most forms of ginger ale contain synthetic ginger flavors rather than real ginger, and should not be expected to aid an upset stomach. Ginger can be found therapeutically in powder, capsule, oil and tea form, as well as others. Medicinal ginger costs as little as $5 for 60 capsules, but one can only expect to glean positive effects if the manufacturer uses methods to dry the ginger properly, or to extract the essential compounds consistently. Because it is comparable or even better than synthetic prescription or over-the-counter medications, ginger seems like a worthwhile supplement to try for relief from nausea and indigestion.

Dosage
Most studies have used 1 gram of powdered dried root per day. The powdered version of this root is generally thought of as the most potent form compared with extracts or fresh root. Instructions usually recommend that the ginger be taken on an "as needed" basis.

References
1. Aikins Murphy P. Alternative therapies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Jan;91(1):149-55. 2. Arfeen Z, Owen H, Plummer JL, Ilsley AH, Sorby-Adams RA, Doecke CJ. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995 Aug;23(4):449-52. 3. Backon J. Ginger as an antiemetic: possible side effects due to its thromboxane synthetase activity. Anaesthesia. 1991 Aug;46(8):705-6. 4. Backon J. Ginger in preventing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; a caveat due to its thromboxane synthetase activity and effect on testosterone binding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991 Nov 26;42(2):163-4. 5. Bliddal H, Rosetzsky A, Schlichting P, Weidner MS, Andersen LA, Ibfelt HH, Christensen K, Jensen ON, Barslev J. A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000 Jan;8(1):9-12. 6. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, McNeil J, Charlton S. Ginger root--a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. Anaesthesia. 1990 Aug;45(8):669-71. 7. Chun KS, Sohn Y, Kim HS, Kim OH, Park KK, Lee JM, Moon A, Lee SS, Surh YJ. Anti-tumor promoting potential of naturally occurring diarylheptanoids structurally related to curcumin. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):49-57. 8. Denyer CV, Jackson P, Loakes DM, Ellis MR, Young DA. Isolation of antirhinoviral sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale). J Nat Prod. 1994 May;57(5):658-62. 9. Erick M. Vitamin B-6 and ginger in morning sickness. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Apr;95(4):416. 10. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Mar;84(3):367-71. 11. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C, Asping U. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991 Jan 4;38(1):19-24. 12. Grant KL, Lutz RB. Ginger. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 May 15;57(10):945-7. 13. Grontved A, Brask T, Kambskard J, Hentzer E. Ginger root against seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea. Acta Otolaryngol. 1988 Jan-Feb;105(1-2):45-9. 14. Grontved A, Hentzer E. Vertigo-reducing effect of ginger root. A controlled clinical study. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1986;48(5):282-6. 15. Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, Hohn M. The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate. Acta Otolaryngol. 1989 Sep-Oct;108(3-4):168-74. 16. Janssen PL, Meyboom S, van Staveren WA, de Vegt F, Katan MB. Consumption of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) does not affect ex vivo platelet thromboxane production in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Nov;50(11):772-4. 17. Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000145. 18. Langner E, Greifenberg S, Gruenwald J. Ginger: history and use. Adv Ther. 1998 Jan-Feb;15(1):25-44. 19. Liu WH. Ginger root, a new antiemetic. Anaesthesia. 1990 Dec;45(12):1085. 20. Lumb AB. Effect of dried ginger on human platelet function. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Jan;71(1):110-1. 21. Lumb AB. Mechanism of antiemetic effect of ginger. Anaesthesia. 1993 Dec;48(12):1118. 22. Meng HQ. Pharmacological effects of fresh ginger and dried ginger. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1990 Oct;10(10):638-40. 23. Meyer K, Schwartz J, Crater D, Keyes B. Zingiber officinale (ginger) used to prevent 8-Mop associated nausea. Dermatol Nurs. 1995 Aug;7(4):242-4. 24. Micklefield GH, Redeker Y, Meister V, Jung O, Greving I, May B. Effects of ginger on gastroduodenal motility. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jul;37(7):341-6. 25. Mowrey DB, Clayson DE. Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics. Lancet. 1982 Mar 20;1(8273):655-7. 26. Mustafa T, Srivastava KC. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Jul;29(3):267-73. 27. Phillips S, Hutchinson S, Ruggier R. Zingiber officinale does not affect gastric emptying rate. A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Anaesthesia. 1993 May;48(5):393-5. 28. Phillips S, Ruggier R, Hutchinson SE. Zingiber officinale (ginger)--an antiemetic for day case surgery. Anaesthesia. 1993 Aug;48(8):715-7. 29. Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypotheses. 1992 Dec;39(4):342-8. 30. Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, Mims ME. Effects of ginger on motion sickness susceptibility and gastric function. Pharmacology. 1991;42(2):111-20. 31. Surh YJ, Lee E, Lee JM. Chemoprotective properties of some pungent ingredients present in red pepper and ginger. Mutat Res. 1998 Jun 18;402(1-2):259-67. 32. Visalyaputra S, Petchpaisit N, Somcharoen K, Choavaratana R. The efficacy of ginger root in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesthesia. 1998 May;53(5):506-10.

Supplement: Sambucus Canadensis (elderberry)

Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies): Elderberries have long been used as food, particularly in the dried form. Elderberry wine, pie, and lemonade are some of the popular ways to prepare this plant as food. The leaves were touted by European herbalists to be pain relieving and to promote healing of injuries when applied as a poultice.¹ Native American herbalists used the plant for infections, coughs, and skin conditions.

Active constituents: Flavonoids, including quercetin, are believed to account for the therapeutic actions of the elderberry flowers and berries. These flavonoids include anthocyanins that are powerful antioxidants and protect cells against damage according to test tube studies.² According to laboratory research, an extract from the leaves, combined with St. John's wort and soapwort, inhibits the influenza virus and herpes simplex virus.³ The effect on influenza of a syrup made from the berries of the black elderberry has been studied in a small double-blind trial.⁴ People receiving an elderberry extract (2 tablespoons [30 ml] per day for children, 4 tablespoons [60 ml] per day for adults) appeared to recover faster than did those receiving a placebo. Animal studies have shown the flowers to have anti-inflammatory properties.⁵ These actions have not been verified in human clinical trials.

How much is usually taken? A syrup of black elderberry extract (1 teaspoon-1 tablespoon [5–15 ml] for children, 2 teaspoons-2 tablespoons [10-30 ml] for adults) can be taken twice daily. A tea made from 1/2-1 teaspoon (3-5 grams) of the dried flowers steeped in 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water for ten to fifteen minutes may be drunk three times per day.⁶

Are there any side effects or interactions? The safe internal use of elderberry is limited to the use of the dried flowers or syrups made from the ripe berries.⁷ The roots, stems, leaves, and unripe berries may contain poisonous constituents that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.⁸ Preparations containing any of these parts of the elder plant should be avoided.

At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with elderberry.

References:
1. Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 423. 2. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol Med 2000;29:51–60. 3. Serkedjieva J, Manolova N, Zgórniak-Nowosielska I, et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990;4:97–100. 4. Zakay-Rones Z, Varsano N, Zlotnik M, et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J Alt Compl Med 1995;1:361–9. 5. Mascolo N, Autore G, Capasso G, et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987;1:28–31. 6. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al. (eds). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics, 1998, 1116–7. 7. Foster S. 101 Medicinal Plants. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press, 1998, 72–3. 8. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996, 104–5.